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Monday, October 19, 2026

Which leaves reading?

_New Latin Grammar, for Schools and Colleges_ and _Writing Well_ are two books* I picked up last evening and began perusing . . . until arrested by two  "phenomena." 

I took Latin in high school and graduate school, I think five or six years all told. Had I had _New Latin Grammar_ (NLG), dated late 1800s, I surely would have failed miserably.

How did I survive anyway? My best recollection was to get hold of interlinear translations--Caesar, Cicero, others? I could not have then nor now been able to learn anything much from NLG. In sum, this tome must be considered a reference book, for it lacks examples and models sufficient to give anyone a sense of a written or spoken language to test their studies and understanding. 

I do observe in this source, however, elements I may have learned at one time, and these are the same types I encountered when trying to learn Czech. Unsuccessful attempts at Czech were and continue to be that you need to be a human computer to put a simple sentence together, or to decode one. Did I ever learn Latin--for the same deficiency, the lack of a brain like a computer? I strongly doubt I learned much Latin in any event, for memories of even classes attended are but gossamer wisps disappearing in the ether of some disembodied brain in a forgotten yesterday.

To wit quizzically, my interest in AI, machine translation, and what I have coined inter-linear translation displays. I have built the tools I need to read in languages I am today familiar with--French, Italian, Spanish, German. I use these  tools to give me subtitled text so that I can test and check my reading and understanding of passages, those that I select for challenge, entertainment, review, reinforcement, fun, etc., including examining how that other language expresses what I give it in my naturally-speaking/-writing English.

(Old guys have got to get their kicks somewhere other than food and pining over days and opportunities lost for not having flirted with this one or that, bit of language that is, or fluff, of course.)

_Writing Well_ has a sentence I had to re-read several times and almost gave up decoding. Page 28 and following: "Reading is the process of writing in reverse, and writing is the mirror image of reading." I could not get (comprehend) both of these declarations, or "analogies" as the authors say. Are they really analogies?

Moving along to the next pages, it becomes clearer. The authors sketch how one reads and how one writes. They do this by typifying and universalizing reading and writing processes, as if Husserl were coaching them on essences of phenomena through description of what it (the experience of a phenomenon) is like.

Hah! Okay, I get what that sentence on 28 was saying, and I tested their description of "their process" against this, what I am doing now, writing. It does not fully stack up and in this way.

I write as the words and sentences come to me. I do not silently read what I propose to fix on paper or screen before I do just that. The words and sentences just come. It  flows, unless I pause and read what I have just written and then, as if by magic, the next one appears in whole or in part as I put pen to paper or tap away on a keyboard.

But I accept their point. More generally I have been concerned with getting better at writing--I excuse this propensity by calling myself a student of writing. And I am deeply concerned about what it is readers understand by what they read. In this sense, I suppose trying to be a good writer is to have a reader (oneself?) in mind that will be able to understand precisely what I am writing.
 
At this point NLG will return to the shelf. _Writing Well_ will hang out next to a chair I have adopted for reading books of the material, versus electronic, sort. Does this text address learning the/a language by writing? I doubt it except for students at more advanced proficiency levels.

The next installment will then have to be about reading, in particular, using inter-linear documents in the face of what I find to be a problematic recommendation: learning a foreign language primarily by reading in that language without ready aids except repeated uses of words/phrases in delimited contexts. So stay tuned for more.
__________
*  These are from  a collection I am storing for a friend. Here are references so you can see for yourself.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15665/15665-h/15665-h.htm

Tuesday, October 6, 2026

Wizard behind the curtain

JKM established final.copy, an editing and niche proofreading service, in the mid-1990s. English from translations of Czech, German, Spanish, and Italian gained final copy status (clarity, conventional expression) while as little as possible was changed from the English as submitted. Often a document ready for release to its intended audience involved close collaboration between proofreader and writer to get it accurate and ready for English readers.

Over the years, machine translation became more and more accurate and practical as an aid for translators and non-English writers such that they began to rely upon humans less and less except for highly specialized, technical, and especially literary works. Human intermediaries for translations has gradually almost disappeared.

Translations to English and nurturing my personal interest in the foreign tongues and cultures have survived my little business enterprise. Thus I initiated the inter-linear project, to create friendlier, accurate ways of seeing how one language maps to another and vice versa, and it may find its admitted minority of fans, who are not scholars but general consumers of the written word.

Monday, October 5, 2026

Explore the possibilities

The AI world for translation has changed since this project started over three years ago. Or I have been asleep at the wheel and just catching up. 

Here is DIY thought plus a path for you to venture forth.

Two ways to get inter-linear translations: First, ask AI to build it, or build an app for you to do it, or two, rely upon trusted web technologies and machine translation to do the heavy lifting (i.e., the actual translating). Each approach produces qualitative differences in product, both translation and display.

Regarding the first, give this prompt for building an app you can deploy and use.

I want a web page that takes a source text and translates that into a target language and displays the result sentence by sentence with the source first followed by the translation till the end of the process.

Alternatively,
Translate the following source text in (language)  into (target language) and display the result sentence by sentence (word for word, phrase by phrase, withing character limit of ____ characters, etc.) with the source first followed by the translation till the end of the process.
[paste source text here]


You may have to tweak each prompt based on trials to get to your desired goal. In the case of direct translation, you can adjust how the service handles the result, as in tone, vocabulary, etc.

If you have a web application as your final product, you can put that up on a site and direct anticipated users (e.g., inter-linear.com), or keep it for your use (as an offline PWA*), for example.

Some translation services are not technically free. There may be usage limits, subscription requirements, and so the story goes. Explore the possibilities.
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* See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Progressive_web_apps for a discussion of these species.

Thursday, July 23, 2026

AI tool or 'propagandists' technology'

This is the latest post to the Reading Room:  

https://inter-linear.blogspot.com/2026/07/looting-science-fiction-pillage-de.html. 

Why reference it here?

1. AI translation (and inter-linear display) might make an important article more widely read.

2. AI is a tool (author's opinion, although arguably more than "an opinion") and translation can be used for good, not ill.

3. AI in its applications is widely controversial and discussed these days . . . but it is not going away. It is best to sample important analyses and get our heads straight about what's what.

4. The (referenced) article in the Reading Room is in English and worth reading in any language (see--https://aeon.co/essays/silicon-valley-has-a-science-fiction-problem). 

5. Careful reading--in any language--is mandatory these days . . . and another much discussed topic, i.e., Can you actually read more than 150 characters at a sitting? and how can you, do you understand what you read?

For more, consult these (I trust) authorities, https://www.youtube.com/@VanessaWing%C3%A5rdh and https://www.youtube.com/@HouseofEl. 

JKM
23.07.26 

 

Sunday, March 8, 2026

I wonder?

My Guru [a philosophy student/teacher friend],


So I have been reading from your library, and I must say some of this stuff is very heady, that is one could easily get lost in mere exploration as well as just trying to discern what some of these men(!) are trying to say.

Now, whether you are aware of it or not, I have been working on an interlinear translation project for over a year. Put this together with the above and I get:

What if we had an application that took sentences or paragraphs from one of the works of one of your esteemed men and translated from the language given, example English, and with the assistance of an expert or [group of] curated commentators gave paraphrases or glosses of the words presented?

This would be like an interlinear "translation" of English to explanatory/more accessible English plus where needed a "gloss" of particular word/phrase meanings.

Does an expert or group of curated commentators exist to help accomplish this task? Yes, with qualification. An LLM, large language model, that thing that AI/chatbots rely upon to answer questions and prompts, is hypothetically an expert with ready access to huge amounts of words from all kinds of sources that could answer like an expert, one that would need to be proofread to make sure there is no hallucination or other error/omission creeping in to the translated response . . . I know, an omission creeping in is a contradiction, but you get the idea.

Is there a group of curated commentators available in the AI world to provide the same or finer-grained responses suitable for elucidating, making more accessible the sometimes difficult to understand/decode male marvels of today and yesterday? I believe so, at least one that holds that as a capability. Perplexity is perhaps one tool.

Can one ask Perplexity to decode sentence by sentence or paragraph by paragraph a given source text using say, a well-curated dictionary or encyclopedia? I don't see why not. Here is an example with which we can try this experiment.

I term its matter\ but that which so determines * the manifold of appearance that it allows of being ordered 2 in certain re- lations, I term the form of appearance. That in which alone the sensations can be posited and ordered in a certain form, cannot itself be sensation; and therefore, while the matter of all appearance is given to us a posteriori only, its form must lie ready for the sensations a priori in the mind, and so must allow of being considered apart from all sensation.

Given the above quotation, write a line by line translation into simpler English using as necessary the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as a reference. Format your response as an interlinear document where each source sentence is followed below it with the translation/gloss.

Here is the output from Perplexity.

[begin response]

"I term its matter"
→ I call this the **matter** of the appearance.

"but that which so determines * the manifold of appearance"
→ But that which structures the many elements of the appearance.

"that it allows of being ordered 2 in certain re- lations,"
→ In such a way that they can be arranged in specific relations to one another,

"I term the form of appearance."
→ I call this the **form** of the appearance.

"That in which alone the sensations can be posited and ordered in a certain form,"
→ That in which alone sensations can be placed and organized into a definite pattern,

"cannot itself be sensation;"
→ Cannot itself be a sensation,

"and therefore, while the matter of all appearance is given to us a posteriori only,"
→ And therefore, although the matter of every appearance is given to us only from experience (a posteriori),

"its form must lie ready for the sensations a priori in the mind,"
→ Its form must already be present in the mind before experience (a priori), ready to structure incoming sensations,

"and so must allow of being considered apart from all sensation."
→ And so this form can be thought about independently of any particular sensations.

[end response]

The sources for the above response are the following.

1.https://www.academia.edu/90445815/Kants_Ontology_of_Appearances_and_the_Synthetic_Apriori
2.http://depts.washington.edu/lsearlec/TEXTS/KANT/CR_PURE_R/2-AESTH.HTM
3.http://web.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Kant/CritiqueAesthetic.html
4.https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-transcendental-idealism/
5.https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason/Volume_1/Part_1
6.https://hume.ucdavis.edu/phi175/appearance.html
7.https://web.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Kant/CritiqueAesthetic.html
8.https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-aesthetics/
9.https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason_(Meiklejohn)/Volume_1/Part_1
10.https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/kant-aesthetics/

Now, as my philosophic guru, how did the experiment work out? or just ignore this sidetrack adventure and discard. No obligation to respond.

​For my part, I will continue to play with this idea. Beats other diversions to avoid Alzheimer's.
​
Side note: Perplexity nailed the source which was not given in the question/prompt.

With respect,
an unrepentant student

[Comment. The source text should have been prepared for machine processing. For example, how can it interpret '/' or '*'? In addition, the prompt says line by line and by sentence. Which should it be? Sentence level should be the choice, for the translation is to make sense of sense units, and in a difficult passage, that is where the reader usually trips up. Of course, s/he can use a dictionary to decode the smaller bits. If the philosopher is using a term in a special sense, the dictionary or word/phrase gloss is not always helpful. Here the better machine translator, not a person in this case, would pick up the fact that something is being used in a special, perhaps wholly unique, sense. Common philosophical discourse uses a priori and the like, and these need not be interpreted, although in the above they are with the common term for the genre in parentheses, which helps understanding.]

[Aside,  17.08.26. As a teacher of English as a foreign language, former teacher trainer and management consultant, as well as resident in a non-English speaking country, I found myself, to this day find myself, translating from my language to another way of saying the same thing--in the same language. Although this may not be strictly an example of inter-linear translation as has been discussed thus far, the concept may be employed with the assistance of AI for particularly difficult texts. JKM]